Imaging

Copiers and Photocopiers

A photocopier (or copier) is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Most current photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process using heat. (Copiers can also use other output technologies such as ink jet, but xerography is standard for office copying.)

Current copier brands

* Canon
* Gestetner, owned by Ricoh
* Hewlett Packard
* Konica Minolta
* Kyocera Mita, including its Copystar brand
* Lanier, owned by Ricoh
* Océ. including its Océ Imagistics brand
* Oki Electric Industry, OKI Printing Solutions brand
* Panasonic
* Rex-Rotary, owned by Ricoh
* Ricoh
* Samsung
* Savin, owned by Ricoh
* Sharp
* Toshiba
* Xerox / Fuji Xerox partnered companies with non-overlapping marketing areas

Fax Machines

Today there are countless types of fax machines to choose from, but virtually all are “plain paper” fax machines whose final product looks very much like a printed page. Contrast this to the past when initial fax machines used special thermal paper rolls that were inconvenient and expensive, and didn’t always make a good rendering of the faxed document. A “plain paper” fax uses standard copier paper and inking processes.

A natural progression in the evolution of fax machines was the multi-function machine. For example, most fax machines today have built-in voice mail and advanced handset features so that the telephone can serve as the main phone of a small office. The fax machine will distinguish between incoming modem calls and human calls, and will automatically answer faxed calls. Telephone features are generally highly configurable.

Another function common to virtually all models today is the ability to use the fax machine as a copier. Generally this is meant to be used for light-duty work as a convenience, and is not intended to take the place of a heavy-duty stand-alone copy machine. Many fax machines also integrate a scanner, eliminating yet another extra machine around the office or home, and many can function as printers. These models will usually have larger-capacity paper trays.

A brand name plain paper fax machine with basic integrated functionality — fax, telephone and copy machine — can start for as little as US$55, though price will depend on make, model and overall features. For example, a model with multiple telephone lines will cost a bit more, as will printer functionality. Also, a laser fax machine will be more expensive than a standard model, as will fax machines that can print in color.

Some handy features to look for in fax machines include the ability to send faxes automatically in the middle of the night. This takes advantage of lower phone rates, handy for non-priority long distance faxing. Along with this comes a set number of pages the fax tray will hold. One tray might hold eight documents, while another model might hold thirty. The fax machine can be programmed to send so many pages to the first number, end the fax, dial a second number, send so many more documents from the tray, and so on.

The best way to pick the right fax machine is to take a good look at your needs. Decide which integrated functions are most needed, prioritize them, and make sure the model you choose can fulfill all of your needs in each of those areas. If a scanner is important, for example, what will you be scanning? Paper-feed fax machines with integrated scanners are great for scanning documents, but to scan pages from a book you will require a flatbed scanner to lay the book open. In the latter case, it may be easier to look for a scanner with integrated fax capability, rather than the other way around.

Document Imaging

Document imaging, replicating documents commonly used in business.

Document Imaging is an information technology category for systems capable of replicating documents commonly used in business. Document Imaging Systems can take many forms including microfilm, on demand printers, facsimile machines, copiers, multifunction printers, document scanners, Computer Output Microfilm (COM) and archive writers. In the last 15 years Document Imaging has been used to describe software-based computer systems that capture, store and reprint images.

Stereo Imaging

Stereo imaging, an aspect of sound recording and reproduction concerning spatial locations of the performers.

Stereo imaging is the audio jargon term used for that aspect of sound recording and reproduction concerning spatial locations of the performers, both laterally and in depth. An image is ‘good’ if the performers can be effortlessly located; ‘bad’ if there is no hope of doing so. A well-made stereo recording, properly reproduced, can provide good imaging within the front quadrant; a well-made Ambisonic recording, properly reproduced, can offer good imaging all around the listener and even including height information.

For many listeners, good imaging adds markedly to the pleasure of reproduced music. One may speculate that this is due to the evolutionary importance to humans of knowing where sounds are coming from, and that imaging may therefore be more important than some purely esthetic considerations in satisfying the listener. Listeners do exist who have difficulty paying attention to the musical content of a recording if the imaging is not good.

The quality of the imaging arriving at the listener’s ear depends on numerous factors, of which the most important is the original “miking”, that is, the choice and arrangement of the recording microphones (where “choice” refers here not to the brands chosen, but to the size and shape of the microphone diaphragms, and “arrangement” refers to microphone placement and orientation relative to other microphones). This is partly because miking simply affects imaging more than any other factor, and because, if the miking spoils the imaging, nothing later in the chain can recover it.

If miking is done well, then quality of imaging can be used to evaluate components in the record/playback chain (remembering that once the imaging is destroyed, it cannot be recovered).

Personal Imaging

Personal imaging, realtime sharing of personal experience through images.

The visual image aspect of your communication is critical in establishing your credibility and acceptance. Because the visual presentation is such an important element of your career, an investment in your appearance is vital and one that is beneficial for years to come.

Women benefit with

• Makeup Coloring
• Makeup Application
• Wardrobe Coloring
• Clothing Styles for You
• Appropriate Use of Accessories
• Eyewear
• Special-Occasion Dressing
• Shortcut Tips

Men

• Color for Men
• Body Analysis for Wardrobe Selection
• Grooming Tips
• Appropriate Use of Accessories
• Eyewear
• Special Occasion-Dressing
• Shortcut Tips

Chemical Imaging

Chemical imaging, the simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures.

Chemical imaging is the simultaneous measurement of spectra (chemical information) and images or pictures (spatial information). The technique has applications in chemistry, biology and medicine, and is most often applied to solid-state samples. This technique is also referred to as hyperspectral, spectroscopic, spectral or multispectral imaging (also see imaging spectroscopy). Chemical imaging can be used to analyze samples of all sizes, from the cellular level in medicine, to images of planetary systems in astronomy.

Chemical imaging instrumentation is composed of three components: a radiation source to illuminate the sample, a spectrally selective element, and usually a detector array (the camera) to collect the images. When many spectral channels (wavelengths) are collected, the data is called hyperspectral; fewer wavelength data sets are called multispectral. The data format is called a hypercube. The data set may be visualized as a three-dimensional block of data spanning two spatial dimensions (x and y), with a series of wavelengths (lambda) making up the third (spectral) axis. The hypercube can be visually and mathematically treated as a series of spectrally resolved images (each image plane corresponding to the image at one wavelength) or a series of spatially resolved spectra. The analyst may choose to view the spectrum measured at a particular spatial location; this is useful for chemical identification. Alternatively, selecting an image plane at a particular wavelength can highlight the spatial distribution of sample components, provided that their spectral signatures are different at the selected wavelength.

Many materials, both manufactured and naturally occurring, derive their functionality from the spatial distribution of sample components. For example, extended release pharmaceutical formulations can be achieved by using a coating that acts as a barrier layer. The release of active ingredient is controlled by the presence of this barrier, and imperfections in the coating, such as discontinuities, may result in altered performance. In the semi-conductor industry, irregularities or contaminants in silicon wafers or printed micro-circuits can lead to failure of these components. The functionality of biological systems is also dependent upon chemical gradients – a single cell, tissue, and even whole organs function because of the very specific arrangement of components. It has been shown that even small changes in chemical composition and distribution may be an early indicator of disease.

Radar Imaging

Radar imaging, or imaging radar, for obtaining an image of an object, not just its location and speed.

Traditional radar sends directional pulses of electromagnetic energy and detects the presence, position and motion of an object (such as an aircraft) by analyzing the portion of the energy reflected from the object back to the radar station. Imaging radar attempts to form a picture of the object as well. Several techniques have evolved to do this. Generally they take advantage of the Doppler shift caused by the rotation or other motion of the object and by the changing view of the object brought about by the relative motion between the object and the back-scatter that is perceived by radar of the object (a plane) flying over the earth. Through recent improvements of the techniques, this can be precisely calculated. Imaging radar has been used to map the Earth, other planets, asteroids, other celestial objects and to categorize targets for military systems.

Medical Imaging

Medical imaging, creating images of the human body or parts of it, to diagnose or examine disease.

Medical imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology).

As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology (in the wider sense), radiological sciences, endoscopy, (medical) thermography, medical photography and microscopy (e.g. for human pathological investigations).

Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps (i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.

Imaging

Imaging

Imaging may also refer to:

• Digital imaging, creating digital images, generally by scanning, or through digital photography
• Medical imaging, creating images of the human body or parts of it, to diagnose or examine disease
• Radar imaging, or imaging radar, for obtaining an image of an object, not just its location and speed
• Chemical imaging, the simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures
• Personal imaging, realtime sharing of personal experience through images
• Stereo imaging, an aspect of sound recording and reproduction concerning spatial locations of the performers
• Document imaging, replicating documents commonly used in business

Digital Imaging

Digital imaging, creating digital images, generally by scanning, or through digital photography.